Thursday, August 24, 2017

Multiple Naloxone Administrations

 

One of the main reasons opioid overdose deaths have been increasing is the rise of fentanyl sold either combined with heroin or in place of heroin.  Fentanyl, which is 50 times stronger than heroin, has a stronger affinity for the opioid receptors in the brain than heroin.  Toxicologists have said that while naloxone is still capable of knocking the fentanyl and other fentanyl analogs off the receptors, it may, in some cases, require a larger dose of naloxone.

A research paper, Multiple Naloxone Administrations Among Emergency Medical Service Providers is Increasing, published recently in Prehospital Emergency Care, concludes that the number of patients receiving multiple doses of naloxone is increasing. 18.2% of prehospital patients in the study who received naloxone required more than one dose.  The researchers used data from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) from 2012-2015.  Over that 4 year period multiple naloxone administrations increased by 26%.  Patients in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the country had the highest amounts of multiple doses.  This corresponds with the areas of the country most affected by fentanyl.

There are obvious limitations with the study.  The NEMSIS data can be duplicative.  Two agencies responding to the same patient will produce two records for the same patient.  The guidelines for naloxone in one system can be different than another.  For instance, one system could have responders give the second dose after two minutes without full response, while another could require medics wait five minutes before giving a second dose.  The data also does not distinguish between IN doses and IM or IV doses.  It also does not account for patients who recieved naloxone who were not in an opioid induced depression, but suffering from another etiology.  Some systems may still allow their medics to give naloxone for coma of unknown etiology, while most limit naloxone use to patients with respiratory depression and indications of opioid overdose.  Despite the limitations, analyzing naloxone data can be instructive in gaging trends.

I have heard many reports, both across the country and here in Connecticut, of patients requiring large doses of naloxone.  But for all the overdoses I have done, I have yet to experience the need for large doses on patients that I was the initial responder on.  I do tend to be patient and have been known to bag a patient for 10 minutes waiting for the intranasal naloxone to kick in.  I can see how, when dosing a patient with intranasal naloxone, particularly with the atomizer version that additional doses would be given if following a 2 or 3 minute redosing scheme.  (I have on some occasions given 2 mg IN, and then established an IV and given very tiny doses starting at 0.01 mg to 0.1 mg to get the patient to a normocapnic state without awaking them.)

I have also observed, in being the second or third responding unit to an overdose, that patients may get more doses based on the response system.  Case in point.  Fire department arrives first, gives patient with agonal respirations 4 mg naloxone through the new FDA approved nasal spray.  BLS ambulance arrives moments later and, seeing the patient still with depressed respirations, delivers 2 mg IN with the atomizer device.  I show up two minutes later and see the patient is now breathing on his own.  I put him in my ambulance and he proceeds to vomit all over everything.  Better I suppose than to have shown up and found him still blue and not being adequately ventilated or oxygenated as was sometimes the case when the first responders and BLS ambulance had to wait for the paramedic to bring the naloxone.

The most interesting tidbit from the article was that oxygen was only provided to 46% of all patients who received naloxone and only 49% of those patients who required multiple doses of naloxone received oxygen.  This is either a documentation error (providers failing to click the oxygen check box) or it lends credence to the theory that naloxone is being overused on patients who may have altered mental status, but who are breathing adequately.  Or it is a major training issue.

In treating patients with respiratory depression an ambu-bag and oxygen should come first, followed by the delivery of naloxone to those with suspected opioid overdose.

Friday, August 18, 2017

Light Weights - Heroin Math 2 (Why We Don't Get Robbed of our Fentanyl)

 

You carry four 100 mcgs vials of Fentanyl in your controlled substances kit.  How much would those vials be worth on the street?

Let’s do the math.

100 mcgs of Fentanyl is the equivalent of 10 mgs of Morphine.

Morphine is 50% as strong as heroin.

Morphine is the equivalent of 50% pure heroin.

A bag of heroin in Hartford contains 0.1 grams of powder.

0.1 grams of 50% pure heroin is 50 mg of heroin and 50 mgs of filler.

50 mg heroin is the equivalent of 100 mg morphine.

100 mg Morphine is equivalent to 1000mcgs of Fentanyl.

1000 mcgs of Fentanyl is 10 vials of 100 mcg Fentanyl.

A 0.1 mg bag of 50% pure street heroin is the equivalent to 10 vials of 100 mcg Fentanyl.

A bag of heroin costs $5 on the Hartford streets.

Each 100 mcg vial of Fentanyl is worth 50 cents.

Four 100 mcg vials of Fentanyl is worth $2.00.

When was the last time you were held up at gun or knifepoint for your controlled substances by a heroin user?

Ever wonder why 100 mcgs of Fentanyl doesn’t touch the pain of a bundle(10 bags) a day heroin user?

Think every heroin user complaining of pain is trying to scam you out of your 100 mcg vials of Fentanyl?

* * *

In Hartford we carry two kits, each with 2 – 100 mcgs of Fenatnyl, 2- 10 mg Morphine, 2- 2 mg Ativan, and 2- 10 mg Versed.

I don’t know the street worth of the Ativan or Versed, but the combined Fentanyl and Morphine would go for $4 using the above math.  We are light weights when it comes to the power of the drugs we deal out.

I can't recall the last time I heard of an ambulance being robbed of its controlled substances by heroin users.  I have heard of diversions where medics broke into the supply.  In most of these cases, the medics were dependent of pain pills.  If they were aware of the low cost and availability of heroin in their area, they probably would not have bothered stealing the EMS drugs.

 

Thursday, August 17, 2017

Nocebo Effect

 

While headlines of deadly Fentanyl creating Haz Mat scenes and causing first responders to be hospitalized continue to dominate the news, on July 10, 2017 with little fanfare, the US Institute for Occupational Health and Safety removed the statement "skin absorption can be deadly" from its Fentanyl page.

You can read their safety recommendations here:

Fentanyl: Preventing Occupational Exposure to Emergency Responders

A rational article on what is becoming an increasingly hysterical situation was published by STAT.

Are people really falling ill from touching fentanyl? In most cases, scientists say no

Here is an informative passage:

Juurlink said the real culprit in these cases may be a phenomenon known as the nocebo effect, in which the mere suggestion that a substance can be harmful causes people to suffer negative effects after exposure. In medical research, for example, being informed of side effects related to a pill or procedure can bring on real-life symptoms.

“If in a moment of panic, a person sees powder on their skin and they’ve read reports on the internet about people having overdosed, you could see how that might cause someone to at least believe they’ve had an overdose,” Juurlink said.

Indeed, some of the symptoms reportedly suffered by public safety officers, such as a racing heartdizziness, and anxiety, are more consistent with panic than opioid poisoning. “If anything, people with opioid poisoning would have a slow heart rate,” Stolbach said.

***

In the latest example, three nurses passed out after treating an overdose patient.

Police: 3 Ohio nurses treated for fentanyl exposure

The article contains this passage:

A union representing nurses at the hospital wants to meet with hospital officials to discuss protocols for environmental contamination. A hospital spokeswoman says the hospital has effective policies.

It doesn’t sound like the hospital is very concerned about the event.

Other recent stories:

Suspected fentanyl overdose prompts hazmat response in Saugus

18 SWAT officers hospitalized after possible exposure to fentanyl during raid

2 probation officers exposed to possible fentanyl

Chelsea officers taken to hospital after responding to fentanyl OD

***

Stay safe, wear your PPE.

Take care of your patients.

Tuesday, August 15, 2017

Couples

 

The call is for a possible overdose.  A tall attractive young woman in leopard skin pants, and a Ginger from Gilligan’s Island hairdo, meets us at the apartment door.  She is high. Her balance as she sways in front of us is so bad it is making me dizzy just looking at her. “Thank you for coming so quickly,” she says.

“Is he breathing?” I ask.

“Yes, but he won’t wake up. He had his methadone dose upped today and he took some of my benzos. I did CPR on him.”

The apartment has hardwood floors, high ceilings and big windows that look down on the city from the 4th floor of the recently renovated building. I follow her as she stumbles down the hall. “This way.”

A bare-chested bearded man in his thirties lays on the bed, clearly on the nod, but breathing. He has a strong pulse. Some stimulation and he sits up with a jerk to see me, my partner and four firefighters.

“What did you do?” he says to his girlfriend. She begins to cry.  “I saved your life," she says. "I did CPR on you. 30 and 1. I threw cold water on you. You almost died.” She looks at me and says, “Tell him. Tell him I saved his life.”

“I don’t want to go anywhere. I’m fine,” the man says. “This is my house. Get the fuck out.”

“You should go to the hospital,” I say. “You shouldn’t mix benzos with methadone.”

“We’re both on methadone,” she tells me again. ”I have a note so I can take clonidine. I need it for my anxiety. He doesn’t normally take it. They upped his dose today, and then he took three of my clonodines.  That I know of.”

“And he did heroin,” my partner says.

“No, he didn’t.”

“I found three bags in the bathroom,” my partner says. “Sweet Heart.” Sweet Heart is a brand making the rounds.

“Hmm,” she says, “I’m going to have to rethink this.” She says to her boyfriend, “How come you didn’t tell me you scored some heroin?"

“It was just four bags,” he says.

“I’m hurt.”

“I have nothing to say. I just want these people out of here.”

We try to convince him to go to the hospital.

“I know my rights,” he says, “I don’t have to go. She shouldn’t have called you.”

We argue the fact that he mixed benzos with the heroin on top of the methadone which makes it necessary for him to be monitored.

“You can’t make me. You’re not going to arrest me, are you?”

“No, we are not the police.”

“Good Samaritan, Good Samaritan,” the girl says, waving her hands in the air. “You can’t arrest us, right?”

“No one is arresting anyone. We just want him to get care.”

“I gave him 30-1,” she says, and “put cold water on him. I’m an x-ray tech. Tell him not to be mad at me. I saved his life.” She turns to him and frowns. “Honey, I love you, even though I’m mad at you. I don’t want you to stop breathing again. You need to go.”

He lets out us his breath and stares straight ahead. “All right,” he says, “I’ll go. Get me my sandals and my phone. Where’s my phone?”

At the hospital, after we leave our patient care report with the nurse, we see the girlfriend has climbed into the bed with the patient. She cuddles him, brushing his hair, while he taps away on his cell phone. “I did 30-1 on you. You should share with me next time. I saved your life.”

***

Another overdose call. By the time we arrive, the FD is already there. The bald young man with a day’s growth of beard is sitting on the bus stop bench. He wears a sleeveless muscle shirt and knee length basketball shorts. He is awake and breathing, but his pupils are pinpoint. “I wasn’t doing anything,” he says nervously. I recognize him as a guy I saw on Park Street earlier in the day standing with a pretty girl with short blonde hair in a blue jean jacket. The girl caught my eye because when we had driven by the corner where the needle exchange van was parked, I had seen her waiting her turn and remembered feeling sad that such a young pretty girl was a user.

“You’re going to the hospital. You were down on the ground in praying position out cold,” the firefighter says to him.

“Yeah, yeah, I was praying. I had a bad day and needed help.”

“Get out of here. Don’t lie to us. You’re on heroin. Show me your arms.”

“No, no, I’m not.”

“Get on the stretcher.”

The police are here now and they are also yelling at him to get on the stretcher, but he does not want to go.

“You can’t make me go. I know my rights.”

He is alert and oriented enough to known his name, where he is, the date and the president. I am not going to pressure him to the degree the firefighter is.

“You know your girlfriend took your works and the heroin bags out of your pockets and took off at the first sound of our sirens,” the firefighter says. “Somebody saw her. She’s long gone.”

“I wasn’t with anyone,” he says.

“Get on the stretcher. You’re going to the hospital,” the firefighter says again.

“No,” he says.

We tell the officers he knows who he is and where he is. We can’t take him if he doesn’t want to go. They shrug. While one officer talks to a fireman about last’s night’s baseball game, the other officer gets the man’s name and runs it for warrants. It comes up clean. The firefighter has given up, too, and is getting back in his truck with the rest of his company.

I get the young man’s info for the refusal and give him my little talk about where he can get Narcan, and how he should never use alone. He doesn’t know about the Narcan, but says “We shoot up together when we can, but sometimes I do it alone.” He is from the suburbs. They were waiting to get the bus back to where they live and he used. He thanks me. I give him a card with the opioid hotline number on it. He walks quickly down the street looking frantically at the faces in the crowd. Where is the girl?

We follow him in the ambulance at a distance for three blocks, but when he turns the corner, we lose sight of him.

***

She sits with her pit bull outside the market. There is a small dish of water for the dog and in a plastic bag several empty plastic bottles she will no doubt redeem.  She and the dog look very sad.

I met her a year ago when I was walking down by the pond. She asked me what I was looking for and I told her syringes and also the heroin bags. I was interested in the brands. We had a long conversation and she answered many of my questions about the life of a user. She told me she looks for syringes too, so she can exchange them for clean ones. The needle exchange van in on Park Street Monday through Friday, but not on weekends.  She likes to have extra syringes.

When I asked her how she got started using opioids, she said she got into pills recreationally. Then one night at a party someone asked her if she wanted some dope. She thought they were asking if she wanted some coke. What she snorted was just like Percocet, except to the tenth degree. It didn’t take her long to graduate to injecting. But now after three years, she announced her heroin days were coming to an end, she said. Her parents were taking her to Virginia to get her back into rehab. She was leaving that Saturday. She was a really, pretty girl, and it was hard to put her together with being a heroin addict. She had lively eyes, and a young girl’s complexion. I wasn’t crazy about her punk rock haircut with the purple streak, but different generations have their own styles.

She doesn’t look quite so good anymore. Her hair is dirty and she looks like she is at least in her thirties, not middle twenties. She says her boyfriend came back into the picture after he had been gone for awhile so she never made it to rehab. They are very careful about when they shoot up. She waits a few minutes after he has injected to see that he is okay before she injects.  She needs to know he will be alert enough to notice if she ODs so he can squirt her with the Narcan they always carry. They live under the highway bridge now with a group of other users.

Last week I asked her if she was getting health care and she said no. What about Medicaid? I asked. She lost her ID. She said without an ID you can’t get health care or get into rehab. I asked if her parents can help her, but she said they want nothing more to do with her. Her arms are all scabbed from bug bites that she picks at. That’s why I am here today. I hand her a plastic bag from CVS – cortisone cream for her bites, some protein bars, a bottle of water, a can of food for the dog, and a $5 dollar bill.

I thought long and hard about the $5 bill.   The Pope says it is okay to give money to the homeless, it doesn’t matter what they are going to use it for. She seems happy and thanks me, but before I can talk with her more, I get a 911 call. When we turn out of the shopping center parking lot, our lights and sirens on, I look back to see if she is still sitting there, but now, she is up on the move, walking over in the direction where her boyfriend is going car to car, as he often does, holding out an empty soda cup collecting spare change.

We get cancelled before we get to the scene, and when we swing back, I see her scurrying up the street by herself herself (no boyfriend and no dog).  She looks like a little girl off to see Santa Claus.

Monday, August 14, 2017

Fact or Fiction

 

Great article on ems1.com

Medical commentary on the issue of danger to first responders of transdermal fentanyl exposure.

Dr. Tan, discussing transdermal fentanyl exposure, agrees that exposure as would be typically encountered by first responders is an extremely low risk.

"It is not zero risk and certainly not impossible, but extremely low," he said.

Fact or fiction: Transdermal fentanyl exposure